Using basic laboratory research to understand scheduled smoking: a field investigation of the effects of manipulating controllability on subjective responses to smoking
Marcial LH 2009 April 1. Using basic laboratory research to understand scheduled smoking: a field investigation of the effects of manipulating controllability (i.e., the ability to control one's smoking pattern) on subjective responses to smoking. Mobile medical computing reviews. [Online]
Can PDAs be used to facilitate a naturalistic study involving cigarette smoking cessation through scheduled reduced smoking? This study does not evaluate use of the devices. Instead, it establishes that PDAs offer an opportunity to conduct a naturalistic study outside of the clinical environment. Results suggest that controllability is a significant factor in scheduled reduced smoking cessation programs and may lead to an increased desire to quit. The use of PDAs to facilitate the study suggests that these devices are feasible for research study in naturalistic environments and that they may assist with compliance.
Catley D, Grobe JE. Health Psychol. 2008 May;27(3 Suppl):S189-96.
Reviewed by Laura Haak Marcial
Research design/methodology
TYPE: This was a clinical study that followed a within subjects study design.
VALIDITY: This study made significant provisions to reduce bias.
ENVIRONMENT: University of Kansas (both in the laboratory and in the field)
Research question
The research question of this study was centered around scheduled smoking and whether manipulating controllability would have an effect on the desire to quit smoking. Outcomes measured included pre and post user surveys to measure degree of nicotine dependence, mood and smoking (cessation); electronic diarying of smoking habits; and blood levels of CO.
Patient/Problem/Population definition
PATIENT: PDA-based intervention for smokers not seeking to quit
PROBLEM: There is some evidence that scheduled smoking affects the desire to quit. The researchers wanted to use mobile devices to test controllability combined with scheduled smoking in the field.
POPULATION: Adults not seeking to quit smoking
TYPE: Clinical research study
Intervention
A specially designed application on the PDA was used to establish a scheduled smoking pattern for the intervention group based on 3 days of ad-lib smoking. That PDA data was then used to prompt scheduled smoking events according to the ad-lib patterns, and to aid in the recording of smoking events, both scheduled and non-scheduled. A separate portable CO monitoring device was used to monitor CO levels.
Outcome
A comparison of the scheduled smoking and ad-lib smoking phases revealed that in the scheduled phase participants experienced "less rewarding effects from their cigarette, F(1, 22) = 28.28, p < .0001, less effect from the cigarette in reducing craving, F(1, 22) = 7.26, p < .014, less effect from the cigarette in improving feeling, F(1, 22) =18.1, p < .0005, less positive mood valence, F(1, 22) = 28.28, p < .0001, reduced arousal, F(1, 22) = 8.33, p < .01, greater cognitive deficits, F(1, 22) = 8.26, p < .01, and increased tension/anxiety, F(1, 22) = 8.07, p < .01."
Application of results to patient care
Mobile devices facilitated a novel approach to conduct a field study of controllability and also allowed scheduling of smoking to model users' typical patterns. It might have been even more effective if the handheld devices could have 'signaled' the user when to smoke a cigarette.
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